了解委托逆变有用性

本文关键字:有用性 了解 | 更新日期: 2023-09-27 18:31:03

所以我有一个委托定义为:

public delegate void MyDelegate<T>(T myParameter);

Resharper建议我应该按如下方式进行逆变T

public delegate void MyDelegate<in T>(T myParameter);

现在,我很难理解这有什么好处?我知道这会阻止我T返回类型,但除此之外,通过使T逆变,我得到了哪些有用的约束?也就是说,当需要将委托与实例一起使用时,我可以使用哪些实例创建

public delegate void MyDelegate<T>(T myParameter);

我无法创建的

public delegate void MyDelegate<in T>(T myParameter);

了解委托逆变有用性

下面是一个实例,如果您删除逆变in标记,它将无法编译:

delegate void Callback<in T>(T t);
public Form1()
{
    InitializeComponent();
    Callback<Control> showText = control => MessageBox.Show(control.Text);
    var button = new Button();
    AddButtonClickCallback(button, showText);
    var label = new Label();
    AddLabelClickCallback(label, showText);
}
static void AddButtonClickCallback(Button button, Callback<Button> callback)
{
    button.Click += delegate { callback(button); };
}
static void AddLabelClickCallback(Label label, Callback<Label> callback)
{
    label.Click += delegate { callback(label); };
}

当然,这有点做作,但至少应该让你了解没有它就无法做的事情。

特别是考虑AddLabelClickCallbackAddButtonClickCallback是库功能,Callback是图书馆代表。 如果定义它没有逆变,则必须定义不同的委托showButtonTextshowLabelText,即使您只是希望它们做同样的事情。

型上的 in 关键字允许进行隐式转换。基本上,您可以将较少的派生委托类型分配给委托...并不总是有用,请阅读此处以获取更多信息。

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd469484.aspx

示例,来自 MSDN 文章:

// Contravariant delegate. 
public delegate void DContravariant<in A>(A argument);
// Methods that match the delegate signature. 
public static void SampleControl(Control control)
{ }
public static void SampleButton(Button button)
{ }
public void Test()
{
    // Instantiating the delegates with the methods.
    DContravariant<Control> dControl = SampleControl;
    DContravariant<Button> dButton = SampleButton;
    // You can assign dControl to dButton 
    // because the DContravariant delegate is contravariant.
    dButton = dControl;
    // Invoke the delegate.
    dButton(new Button()); 
}

在该示例中,Control将隐式转换为Button类型,但如果未在 Button 类中定义到Button类型的隐式转换以允许Control成为Button,则可能会发生异常。

详细了解隐式转换定义:http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/z5z9kes2.aspx

这在stackoverflow上被问了很多次:编程语言中的协方差和逆变

我建议你通过:http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ericlippert/archive/2007/10/22/covariance-and-contravariance-in-c-part-four-real-delegate-variance.aspx

Covariance and Contravariance in C#, Part One
Covariance and Contravariance in C#, Part Two: Array Covariance
Covariance and Contravariance in C#, Part Three: Method Group Conversion Variance
Covariance and Contravariance in C#, Part Four: Real Delegate Variance
Covariance and Contravariance In C#, Part Five: Higher Order Functions Hurt My Brain
Covariance and Contravariance in C#, Part Six: Interface Variance
Covariance and Contravariance in C# Part Seven: Why Do We Need A Syntax At All?
Covariance and Contravariance in C#, Part Eight: Syntax Options
Covariance and Contravariance in C#, Part Nine: Breaking Changes
Covariance and Contravariance in C#, Part Ten: Dealing With Ambiguity