为什么这个方法,我认为是更快的,更慢的

本文关键字:认为是 方法 为什么 | 更新日期: 2023-09-27 18:00:04

我目前有两种方法来检查一个数字是否为素数,还有一种方法来计算两者所需的时间。

IsPrime1:

bool IsPrime1(int i)
{
    if (i == 2 || i == 3 || i == 5 || i == 7) return true;
    return i % 2 != 0 && i % 3 != 0 && i % 5 != 0 && i % 7 != 0;
}

IsPrime2:

bool IsPrime2(int i)
{
    if (i == 2 || i == 3 || i == 5 || i == 7) return true;
    if (i % 2 == 0) return false;
    if (i % 3 == 0) return false;
    if (i % 5 == 0) return false;
    return i % 7 != 0;
}

CheckForTicks:

string CheckForTicks(int ticks)
{
    var sw1 = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    for (var g = 0; g < ticks; g++)
    {
        var b = IsPrime1(g);
    }
    sw1.Stop();
    var sw2 = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    for (var g = 0; g < ticks; g++)
    {
        var b = IsPrime2(g);
    }
    sw2.Stop();
    return $"{ticks} ticks: IsPrime1: {sw1.ElapsedMilliseconds} ms / IsPrime2: {sw2.ElapsedMilliseconds} ms";
    //equal to the following:
    //return string.Format("{0} ticks: IsPrime1: {1} ms / IsPrime2: {2} ms", ticks, sw1.ElapsedMilliseconds, sw2.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}

结果:

| CheckForTicks | IsPrime1 (in ms) | IsPrime2 (in ms) |
|---------------|------------------|------------------|
|        100000 |                3 |                4 |
|        500000 |               18 |               21 |
|       1000000 |               37 |               45 |
|       5000000 |              221 |              242 |
|      10000000 |              402 |              499 |
|      50000000 |             2212 |             2320 |
|     100000000 |             4377 |             4676 |
|     500000000 |            22125 |            23786 |

我想知道的是,为什么IsPrime2IsPrime1慢一点
从我的角度来看,IsPrime2应该比IsPrime1快得多,因为在第一个可能的returnIsPrime1检查所有可能性之前,它只需要检查一次
是否有我不知道的事情,或者这与.NET有关?

如果有人能向我解释原因,我将不胜感激。

提前感谢!

PS:我使用Visual Studio 2015 RC.NET 4.6,并在Debug模式下运行。

为什么这个方法,我认为是更快的,更慢的

让我们比较IL代码:

  • IsPrime1

    .method private hidebysig instance bool  IsPrime1(int32 i) cil managed
    {
      // Code size       45 (0x2d)
      .maxstack  8
      IL_0000:  ldarg.1
      IL_0001:  ldc.i4.2
      IL_0002:  beq.s      IL_0010
      IL_0004:  ldarg.1
      IL_0005:  ldc.i4.3
      IL_0006:  beq.s      IL_0010
      IL_0008:  ldarg.1
      IL_0009:  ldc.i4.5
      IL_000a:  beq.s      IL_0010
      IL_000c:  ldarg.1
      IL_000d:  ldc.i4.7
      IL_000e:  bne.un.s   IL_0012
      IL_0010:  ldc.i4.1
      IL_0011:  ret
      IL_0012:  ldarg.1
      IL_0013:  ldc.i4.2
      IL_0014:  rem
      IL_0015:  brfalse.s  IL_002b
      IL_0017:  ldarg.1
      IL_0018:  ldc.i4.3
      IL_0019:  rem
      IL_001a:  brfalse.s  IL_002b
      IL_001c:  ldarg.1
      IL_001d:  ldc.i4.5
      IL_001e:  rem
      IL_001f:  brfalse.s  IL_002b
      IL_0021:  ldarg.1
      IL_0022:  ldc.i4.7
      IL_0023:  rem
      IL_0024:  ldc.i4.0
      IL_0025:  ceq
      IL_0027:  ldc.i4.0
      IL_0028:  ceq
      IL_002a:  ret
      IL_002b:  ldc.i4.0
      IL_002c:  ret
    } // end of method Program::IsPrime1
    
  • IsPrime2

    .method private hidebysig instance bool  IsPrime2(int32 i) cil managed
    {
      // Code size       49 (0x31)
      .maxstack  8
      IL_0000:  ldarg.1
      IL_0001:  ldc.i4.2
      IL_0002:  beq.s      IL_0010
      IL_0004:  ldarg.1
      IL_0005:  ldc.i4.3
      IL_0006:  beq.s      IL_0010
      IL_0008:  ldarg.1
      IL_0009:  ldc.i4.5
      IL_000a:  beq.s      IL_0010
      IL_000c:  ldarg.1
      IL_000d:  ldc.i4.7
      IL_000e:  bne.un.s   IL_0012
      IL_0010:  ldc.i4.1
      IL_0011:  ret
      IL_0012:  ldarg.1
      IL_0013:  ldc.i4.2
      IL_0014:  rem
      IL_0015:  brtrue.s   IL_0019
      IL_0017:  ldc.i4.0
      IL_0018:  ret
      IL_0019:  ldarg.1
      IL_001a:  ldc.i4.3
      IL_001b:  rem
      IL_001c:  brtrue.s   IL_0020
      IL_001e:  ldc.i4.0
      IL_001f:  ret
      IL_0020:  ldarg.1
      IL_0021:  ldc.i4.5
      IL_0022:  rem
      IL_0023:  brtrue.s   IL_0027
      IL_0025:  ldc.i4.0
      IL_0026:  ret
      IL_0027:  ldarg.1
      IL_0028:  ldc.i4.7
      IL_0029:  rem
      IL_002a:  ldc.i4.0
      IL_002b:  ceq
      IL_002d:  ldc.i4.0
      IL_002e:  ceq
      IL_0030:  ret
    } // end of method Program::IsPrime2
    

第一部分对两者都是一样的:

  .maxstack  8
  IL_0000:  ldarg.1
  IL_0001:  ldc.i4.2
  IL_0002:  beq.s      IL_0010
  IL_0004:  ldarg.1
  IL_0005:  ldc.i4.3
  IL_0006:  beq.s      IL_0010
  IL_0008:  ldarg.1
  IL_0009:  ldc.i4.5
  IL_000a:  beq.s      IL_0010
  IL_000c:  ldarg.1
  IL_000d:  ldc.i4.7
  IL_000e:  bne.un.s   IL_0012
  IL_0010:  ldc.i4.1
  IL_0011:  ret

毫无疑问,这符合:

if (i == 2 || i == 3 || i == 5 || i == 7) return true;

其余的代码是等效的,但编译器为IsPrime1生成了较短的代码。

IL_0012:  ldarg.1              // Push i
IL_0013:  ldc.i4.2             // Push 2
IL_0014:  rem                  // Pop these and push i % 2
IL_0015:  brfalse.s  IL_002b   // Go to IL_002b if the result is 0
...                            // Repeat the same pattern for 3, 5 and 7
IL_002b:  ldc.i4.0             // Push 0 (false)
IL_002c:  ret                  // Return

这是IsPrime2中的相同部分:

IL_0012:  ldarg.1              // Push i
IL_0013:  ldc.i4.2             // Push 2
IL_0014:  rem                  // Pop these and push i % 2
IL_0015:  brtrue.s   IL_0019   // Go to IL_0019 if the result is not 0
IL_0017:  ldc.i4.0             // Else load 0 (false)
IL_0018:  ret                  // ... and return
IL_0019:  ...                  // Here's the next condition
...

正如您所看到的,return false代码在IsPrime2中重复了几次,但在IsPrime1的情况下被考虑在内。更短的代码意味着加载和处理的指令更少,这反过来意味着更少的开销和更少的处理时间。

那么JIT呢?它优化了这些吗?

  • IsPrime1 x86

                return i % 2 != 0 && i % 3 != 0 && i % 5 != 0 && i % 7 != 0;
    00000022  mov         eax,esi 
    00000024  and         eax,80000001h 
    00000029  jns         00000030 
    0000002b  dec         eax 
    0000002c  or          eax,0FFFFFFFEh 
    0000002f  inc         eax 
    00000030  test        eax,eax 
    00000032  je          00000061 
    00000034  mov         eax,esi 
    00000036  mov         ecx,3 
    0000003b  cdq 
    0000003c  idiv        eax,ecx 
    0000003e  test        edx,edx 
    00000040  je          00000061 
    00000042  mov         eax,esi 
    00000044  lea         ecx,[ecx+2] 
    00000047  cdq 
    00000048  idiv        eax,ecx 
    0000004a  test        edx,edx 
    0000004c  je          00000061 
    0000004e  lea         ecx,[ecx+2] 
    00000051  mov         eax,esi 
    00000053  cdq 
    00000054  idiv        eax,ecx 
    00000056  test        edx,edx 
    00000058  setne       al 
    0000005b  movzx       eax,al 
    0000005e  pop         esi 
    0000005f  pop         ebp 
    00000060  ret 
    00000061  xor         eax,eax 
    00000063  pop         esi 
    00000064  pop         ebp 
    00000065  ret 
    
  • IsPrime2 x86

                if (i % 2 == 0) return false;
    00000021  mov         eax,esi 
    00000023  and         eax,80000001h 
    00000028  jns         0000002F 
    0000002a  dec         eax 
    0000002b  or          eax,0FFFFFFFEh 
    0000002e  inc         eax 
    0000002f  test        eax,eax 
    00000031  jne         00000037 
    00000033  xor         eax,eax 
    00000035  jmp         0000006D 
                if (i % 3 == 0) return false;
    00000037  mov         eax,esi 
    00000039  mov         ecx,3 
    0000003e  cdq 
    0000003f  idiv        eax,ecx 
    00000041  test        edx,edx 
    00000043  jne         00000049 
    00000045  xor         eax,eax 
    00000047  jmp         0000006D 
                if (i % 5 == 0) return false;
    00000049  mov         eax,esi 
    0000004b  mov         ecx,5 
    00000050  cdq 
    00000051  idiv        eax,ecx 
    00000053  test        edx,edx 
    00000055  jne         0000005B 
    00000057  xor         eax,eax 
    00000059  jmp         0000006D 
                return i % 7 != 0;
    0000005b  mov         ecx,7 
    00000060  mov         eax,esi 
    00000062  cdq 
    00000063  idiv        eax,ecx 
    00000065  test        edx,edx 
    00000067  setne       al 
    0000006a  movzx       eax,al 
    0000006d  and         eax,0FFh 
    00000072  pop         esi 
    00000073  pop         ebp 
    00000074  ret 
    

答案是…在IsPrime2的情况下,本机代码仍然更长。例如,jne 00000037跳到第二个测试,jne 00000049跳到第三个测试等等。在IsPrime1的情况下,每个分支都指向基本上是return false;00000061

以下是x64代码供参考:

  • IsPrime1 x64

                return i % 2 != 0 && i % 3 != 0 && i % 5 != 0 && i % 7 != 0;
    0000001f  mov         eax,r8d 
    00000022  cdq 
    00000023  and         eax,1 
    00000026  xor         eax,edx 
    00000028  sub         eax,edx 
    0000002a  test        eax,eax 
    0000002c  je          000000000000008B 
    0000002e  mov         eax,55555556h 
    00000033  imul        r8d 
    00000036  mov         eax,edx 
    00000038  shr         eax,1Fh 
    0000003b  add         edx,eax 
    0000003d  lea         eax,[rdx+rdx*2] 
    00000040  mov         ecx,r8d 
    00000043  sub         ecx,eax 
    00000045  test        ecx,ecx 
    00000047  je          000000000000008B 
    00000049  mov         eax,66666667h 
    0000004e  imul        r8d 
    00000051  sar         edx,1 
    00000053  mov         eax,edx 
    00000055  shr         eax,1Fh 
    00000058  add         edx,eax 
    0000005a  lea         eax,[rdx+rdx*4] 
    0000005d  mov         ecx,r8d 
    00000060  sub         ecx,eax 
    00000062  test        ecx,ecx 
    00000064  je          000000000000008B 
    00000066  mov         eax,92492493h 
    0000006b  imul        r8d 
    0000006e  add         edx,r8d 
    00000071  sar         edx,2 
    00000074  mov         eax,edx 
    00000076  shr         eax,1Fh 
    00000079  add         edx,eax 
    0000007b  imul        edx,edx,7 
    0000007e  sub         r8d,edx 
    00000081  xor         eax,eax 
    00000083  test        r8d,r8d 
    00000086  setne       al 
    00000089  jmp         0000000000000092 
    0000008b  xor         eax,eax 
    0000008d  jmp         0000000000000092 
    0000008f  nop 
                if (i == 2 || i == 3 || i == 5 || i == 7) return true;
    00000090  mov         al,1 
    00000092  rep ret 
    
  • IsPrime2 x64

                if (i % 2 == 0) return false;
    00000027  mov         eax,r8d 
    0000002a  cdq 
    0000002b  and         eax,1 
    0000002e  xor         eax,edx 
    00000030  sub         eax,edx 
    00000032  test        eax,eax 
    00000034  jne         000000000000003A 
    00000036  xor         eax,eax 
    00000038  jmp         00000000000000A2 
                if (i % 3 == 0) return false;
    0000003a  mov         eax,55555556h 
    0000003f  imul        r8d 
    00000042  mov         eax,edx 
    00000044  shr         eax,1Fh 
    00000047  add         edx,eax 
    00000049  lea         eax,[rdx+rdx*2] 
    0000004c  mov         ecx,r8d 
    0000004f  sub         ecx,eax 
    00000051  test        ecx,ecx 
    00000053  jne         0000000000000059 
    00000055  xor         al,al 
    00000057  jmp         00000000000000A2 
                if (i % 5 == 0) return false;
    00000059  mov         eax,66666667h 
    0000005e  imul        r8d 
    00000061  sar         edx,1 
    00000063  mov         eax,edx 
    00000065  shr         eax,1Fh 
    00000068  add         edx,eax 
    0000006a  lea         eax,[rdx+rdx*4] 
    0000006d  mov         ecx,r8d 
    00000070  sub         ecx,eax 
    00000072  test        ecx,ecx 
    00000074  jne         000000000000007A 
    00000076  xor         al,al 
    00000078  jmp         00000000000000A2 
                return i % 7 != 0;
    0000007a  mov         eax,92492493h 
    0000007f  imul        r8d 
    00000082  add         edx,r8d 
    00000085  sar         edx,2 
    00000088  mov         eax,edx 
    0000008a  shr         eax,1Fh 
    0000008d  add         edx,eax 
    0000008f  imul        edx,edx,7 
    00000092  sub         r8d,edx 
    00000095  xor         eax,eax 
    00000097  test        r8d,r8d 
    0000009a  setne       al 
    0000009d  jmp         00000000000000A2 
    0000009f  nop 
                if (i == 2 || i == 3 || i == 5 || i == 7) return true;
    000000a0  mov         al,1 
    000000a2  rep ret 
    

这里有同样的结论。jne 0000000000000059跳到第二个测试,jne 000000000000007A跳到第三个测试等等,而在IsPrime1中,所有分支都指向000000000000008B,它是return false;。请注意,在x64上,两个版本之间的指令数差异较小。

哦,你还应该知道分支预测是如何工作的,以及CPU是如何估计即将到来的分支是可能还是不太可能

它有点深,但它们不会编译到相同的MSIL。从功能上讲,它们是等价的,但在核心Prime1编译时只有一个分支,所以它要么是A,要么是B。由于短路,一旦它是错误的评估,它就会停止。

Prime2仍然只进行测试,直到它遇到错误,但它会编译成4个分支,而不是1个。

虽然在性能上存在可衡量的差异,但在大多数情况下,我相信您会希望将该方法设计成更可读的方法(无论您认为是哪种方法)。

它们不是生成相同的代码:==不是!=(但在性能方面应该是相同的),如果没有使用&&。每个if操作在执行之后都在执行清理(在操作之后将0加载到寄存器),并且&amp;在评估之间未执行任何清理。

如果版本:

ldarg.0
ldc.i4.2
rem
brtrue.s   IL_0020 // jumps to ret
ldc.i4.0
ret
// continues for 3, 5 and 7

&amp;版本:

ldarg.0
ldc.i4.2
rem
brfalse.s  IL_0020 // jumps to ret
// continues for 3, 5 and 7